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now and then, you’ll make a mistake in your project’s Git tree. Probably not because you wanted to, but because you just haven't mastered Git yet. And that’s okay.",{},[],"Maybe you needed to make a lot of commits because you forgot to remove comments in the code. Or you have a tight delivery of a very important feature, and you need to make sure everything is saved before signing out for the day. That’s okay. In the end, maybe you should have had fewer commits than you actually have, and you don’t know how to fix it. No problem! Git Squash is here to help you!",{},[],"And this post will explore exactly that: what Git Squash is, why you should use it, some ways to perform it and a deeper explanation of two of those ways.",{},[],"What Is Git Squash and Why Would I Use It?",{},[],"Git Squash is a Git feature that allows a dev to simplify the Git tree by merging sequential commits into one another. Basically, you start by choosing a base commit and merging all changes from the next commits into this one. This essentially makes it the same as having all the changes you made in several commits in just one commit—the base commit.",{},[],"Git Squash can be used with a simple merge to simplify your project’s Git tree. A little bit of context: on many occasions, I would not use Git tags in a specific repository to tag software versions. A commit in the default branch would itself be considered a tag for a new version. Git Squash can help here by substituting the whole feature branch into a single big commit in the default branch, thereby signaling a new version in the software.",{"tags":"3076"},{"space":"3077","id":"3078","type":"202","createdAt":"3079","updatedAt":"3079","environment":"3080","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3081","description":"2379","file":"3082"},{},[],"But just merging the branch will be expensive and will make your tree messy. What if you could just merge one big commit with all those changes? You use Git Squash to make it happen and then you merge it back to your default branch. This way, you’ll achieve a simple and very straightforward tree. And if you need to roll back a version, you can easily do so by just resetting that squashed commit.",{},[],"The Ways of Achieving Git Squash",{},[],"Let’s discuss the ways you can achieve a Git Squash. ",{},[],"There are actually a few ways to get there. The easiest one is to take advantage of Git repository servers like GitHub that typically have this built in within the pull/merge request feature. Usually you just need to tick a box saying you want to squash or to choose squash merge strategy and you’re good to go. When it’s merged, your branch gets squashed. GUI tools like SourceTree or GitKraken offer a similar option.",{},[],"To be honest, both repository servers and GUI tools are nice, since it is so simple to do there. But working in the terminal can make us feel powerful. (If you ask me, I would say I surely do!) And that’s why I’m going to explain step-by-step how to do a Git Squash in the terminal.",{},[],"There are actually two options for terminal people like me.",{},[],"The first one is to use the ",{},["3083"],"git merge",{},[]," command with the ",{},["3084"],"squash",{},[]," flag (two dashes there). ",{},["3085"],"git merge --squash",{},[],"And the second one is through an interactive rebase.",{},["3086"],"git rebase -i",{},[],"The first option (merge) is very simple to perform. It’s clean and fast, but it gives you almost no control on what you want to do. Also, you will perform a merge—and that might not be what you want. The rebase option is usually considered to be the dangerous one, as you can lose commits or change everything in a way you didn’t intend. Despite this, it’s the one I prefer, and it gives you total control over the actions you need to perform.",{"tags":"3087"},{"space":"3088","id":"3089","type":"202","createdAt":"3090","updatedAt":"3090","environment":"3091","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3092","description":"2379","file":"3093"},{},[],"Hands-On",{},[],"As previously mentioned, I’m going to explain how to perform a Git Squash with all the options mentioned above except the UI one. Each UI tool has its own way of doing a squash; therefore, it’s not really within the scope of this post to go through them all. The pull/merge request approach is pretty much as already explained: you tick a box or choose the squash merge strategy, and when you merge that branch, it’s done. There’s no catch. Any repository server you use will handle it for you.",{},[],"Git Merge Approach",{},[],"The ",{},["3094"],{},[]," approach is as follows:",{},["3095"],"list-item",{},["3096"],{},["3097"],{},["3098"],{},["3099"],{},[],"Interactive Rebase Approach",{},[],"The interactive rebase approach goes like this:",{},["3100"],{},["3101"],{},["3102"],{},["3103"],{},["3104"],{},["3105"],{},["3106"],{},["3107"],{},[],"Conclusion",{},[],"Git Squash is a pretty powerful tool inside Git. It allows you to basically pick up a bunch of commits and just squash them together into a big commit.",{},[],"At first, it seems like nonsense, as we’re often told and taught that small atomic commits with clear commit messages seem to be the best way of going along. But there also comes a time when the so-called “better ways” are not exactly the best ways of going forward.",{"tags":"3108"},{"space":"3109","id":"3110","type":"202","createdAt":"3111","updatedAt":"3111","environment":"3112","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3113","description":"2379","file":"3114"},{},[],"When that happens to be the case, just remember that Git Squash is your friend and is here to be of service when called out. But hey, remember to take it easy and don't rely on Git Squash too much. If you're treating your new friend too harshly and they get angry, they’ll take the first opportunity you’re distracted to destroy you and your life’s work. At that point, standing still is probably your best option. (Or perhaps searching for answers in another post related to Git reset? If I had to guess? Probably.)",{},["3115"],"\nThis post was written by Pedro Barbosa. ",{"uri":"3116"},["3117"],"hyperlink",{},["3118"]," has been working in the software engineering world since starting his career in August 2017. A front-end developer, so far he's mastered Angular 2+, JavaScript and TypeScript, and he recently started working with React. You should expect his list of competencies to keep growing in the coming years, as he also loves to learn.",{},[],"We’ve all been there. You’re heads-down on an important feature when your Slack notifications suddenly start pinging. Someone on your team needs a hand troubleshooting a critical bug. You want to help them try to reproduce the bug, but your changes aren’t ready to commit. You need to ",{"uri":"3119"},["3120"],{},[],", but you don’t want to permanently include your changes on your current feature branch.",{},[],"Fortunately, there’s a tool for that. Git calls this tool “",{"uri":"3121"},["3122"],{},[],",” and it lets you take your current changes and magically zip them away from view. They aren’t lost. In fact, Git saves them for you on your local computer for as long as you keep the repository on that hard drive. But it does remove them from the current branch and return it to the state it was in the last time you committed.",{},[],"What Is ",{},["3123"],{},[],"?",{},[],"As we mentioned, ",{},["3124"],{},[]," is a tool that removes the working changes from your current branch and saves them as a diff. Later, you can ",{},["3125"],"apply",{},[]," those changes from a list of stashed changes—either on your current branch or on a different branch after you switch branches.",{},[],"One nice feature of ",{},["3126"],{},[]," is that applying the changes doesn’t remove them from the list of stashed states. So, if you’re working on a patch for a particular bug, you could stash changes, then try to apply them to multiple feature branches to make sure that your fix works. This beats merging your branch into those branches. ",{"uri":"3127"},["3128"],{},[]," modifies the history of the branch you’d be working on. While that’s OK if you’re the primary person working on that branch, if you’re helping to patch a bug for some teammates you might not want to commit your changes to their branches, too. There are ",{"uri":"3129"},["3130"],{},[]," to try to limit the size of a branch’s changeset.",{},[],"You can use ",{},["3131"],{},[]," to apply your changes to those other branches without committing them. You can test out your changes in those branches to see if they fix the bug before committing them to your own branch. Then, when it comes time to open a pull request, you’ll be certain that your changes work, but you’ll also be certain that your pull request—as well as theirs—only contains the changes that it really needs.",{"tags":"3132"},{"space":"3133","id":"3134","type":"202","createdAt":"3135","updatedAt":"3135","environment":"3136","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3137","description":"3137","file":"3138"},{},[],"How Does ",{},["3139"],{},[]," Work?",{},[],"There are a few different ways you can use the ",{},["3140"],{},[]," command to save your work without committing it. Let’s dive into some of the most common variations of the command to see how they work and how you can use them.",{},["3141"],"git stash ",{},[],"Let’s start simple. You have a big list of tracked changes on a branch. You run the most basic stash command, ",{},["3142"],{},[],". Boom! Your changes are stashed away and kept as a diff inside a special portion of your Git repository. ",{},[],"Let’s use an example repository to show just how this works. I have a repository that has some files added by my IDE. I’ve staged them all, so my ",{},["3143"],"git status",{},[]," looks like this:",{},["3144"],"Changes to be committed:",{},["3145"]," (use \"git restore --staged ...\" to unstage)",{},["3146"]," modified: .idea/ExampleRepo.iml",{},["3147"]," new file: .idea/compiler.xml",{},["3148"]," modified: .idea/misc.xml",{},["3149"]," new file: .idea/modules.xml",{},["3150"]," new file: .idea/vcs.xml",{},["3151"]," modified: .idea/workspace.xml",{},[],"Now, let’s run ",{},["3152"],{},[],". ",{},["3153"],"➜ ExampleRepo git:(master) ✗ git stash",{},["3154"],"Saved working directory and index state WIP on master: 60ab63f Initial commit",{},[],"Then, when we check our ",{},["3155"],{},[]," again, we’ll see that there’s nothing in our working tree.",{},["3156"],"➜ ExampleRepo git:(master) git status",{},["3157"],"On branch master",{},["3158"],"Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.",{},["3159"]," ",{},["3160"],"nothing to commit, working tree clean",{},[],"Git went through and cleaned up our changes. The branch is now completely clean.",{},["3161"],"git stash list",{},[],"You’ve stashed some changes. Maybe you did it more than once. When that’s the case, you need to be able to figure out which of your changes you’ve socked away. That’s where the ",{},["3162"],"list",{},[]," parameter to the stash command comes in. Let’s look at it with an example to see how it works.",{},[],"This is the same repository we were working with earlier. As you saw, our working tree is clean. Let’s run the command:",{},["3163"],"➜ ExampleRepo git:(master) git stash list",{},[],"Unlike before, this will open an interactive list instead of just printing out our changes. The list of stashed changes will take control of your terminal and look something like this:",{},["3164"],"stash@{0}: WIP on master: 60ab63f Initial commit",{},["3165"],"(END)",{},[],"Git gives us a list of stashed change sets. If you have stashed many changes, ",{},["3166"],{},[]," will instead appear as ",{},["3167"],"(more)",{},[],". Use the space bar to page through the list of changesets. To stop viewing changesets, press the ",{},["3168"],"q",{},[]," button.",{},["3169"],"git stash apply",{},[],"So, let’s say that you want to actually apply one of those changesets. For that, you use the ",{},["3170"],{},[]," parameter. Let’s see it in action.",{},["3171"],{},["3172"],{},["3173"],{},["3174"],{},["3175"],{},[],"Again, our working tree is clean. Let’s see what happens when we use the command ",{},["3176"],{},[],".",{},["3177"],"➜ ExampleRepo git:(master) git stash apply",{},["3178"],{},["3179"],{},["3180"],{},["3181"],{},["3182"],{},["3183"],{},["3184"],{},["3185"],{},[],{},["3186"],"Changes not staged for commit:",{},["3187"]," (use \"git add ...\" to update what will be committed)",{},["3188"]," (use \"git restore ...\" to discard changes in working directory)",{},["3189"],{},["3190"],{},["3191"],{},[],"Git has restored your changes, but not in the exact working state you were in before they were stashed. If you’re ready to commit the changes now, use ",{},["3192"],"git add",{},[]," or ",{},["3193"],"git commit -a",{},[]," to stage and commit the changes to your branch.",{},[],"As we previously mentioned, ",{},["3194"],{},[]," doesn’t remove the list of changes from your stashed change list. Run ",{},["3195"],{},[]," again and you’ll see that your previous set of changes still exists.",{},["3196"],"git stash pop",{},[],"So, what do you do if you want to apply a set of stashed changes but don’t want to keep them around later? That’s where the ",{},["3197"],"pop",{},[]," parameter to ",{},["3198"],{},[]," comes in. ",{},["3199"],"Pop",{},[],"-ing some changes does the exact same thing as ",{},["3200"],{},[],", but it doesn’t keep the changes in your list of changes.",{},[],"Sometimes, ",{},["3201"],{},[]," is the right tool to use for what you’re doing. Sometimes, ",{},["3202"],{},[]," is the right tool. It’s up to you and whether you think you’ll need to reuse those changes in another context. If you keep some changes around and later realize you don’t need them, you can always delete them from the list later.",{},[],"Advanced Usage",{},[],"If you’ve been using ",{},["3203"],{},[]," for a little bit and you want to take your usage to the next level, check out some advanced parameters to ",{},["3204"],{},[],". ",{},[],"Untracked Changes: ",{},["3205"],"-u",{},[],"When we talked about stashing changes before, you might’ve noticed that when we stashed them, the command only stashed tracked changes. The difference between ",{"uri":"3206"},["3207"],{},[]," can be a little confusing. The gist is that tracked files are files that were in the project as part of your last commit.",{},[],"By default, Git doesn’t always know what to do with brand-new files when you’re stashing them. Also, it can be surprising to stash files and see brand-new files disappear from your hard drive. So, Git requires that you tell it you want to stage untracked files before you do.",{"tags":"3208"},{"space":"3209","id":"3210","type":"202","createdAt":"3211","updatedAt":"3211","environment":"3212","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3213","description":"3213","file":"3214"},{},[],"Create a Branch From Stashed Changes: ",{},["3215"],"branch",{},[],"I’ll admit, this is a common use case for me. I’m getting started on some new feature, and I begin tinkering with some code to start working on my changes. It isn’t until a while later that I realize: I’m still modifying the ",{},["3216"],{},[]," branch. Whoops!",{},[],"So, I’ll stash my changes, then use the ",{"uri":"3121"},["3217"],{},[]," command. This creates a new branch based off the working branch and automatically applies my changes. You should note: When you successfully apply your changes to the new branch, Git will delete the stashed changes.",{},[],"Choose Your Change Set: ",{},["3218"],"--patch",{},[],"Sometimes you want to stash certain changes but completely discard others. Maybe you’ve been working on a fix for a bug, but you’ve also littered the code with debugging statements. In that case, you’d want to stash the changes related to the bug fix but send the debugging statements into the ether.",{},[],"That’s where the ",{},["3219"],{},[]," parameter comes in. When you start to stash changes with this parameter, instead of blindly stashing all changes, it’ll open an interactive terminal and present you with changes one at a time. You’ll choose whether to keep or discard the chunk of code it presents, one by one. Changes you keep will be stashed; changes you discard will not be stashed.",{},[],"This might sound a little daunting at first, but it’s actually quite simple once you’ve had a chance to work with it. It doesn’t translate very well to static text, but I recommend giving it a try. You’ll find it’s really simple once you’ve done it once or twice.",{"tags":"3220"},{"space":"3221","id":"3222","type":"202","createdAt":"3223","updatedAt":"3223","environment":"3224","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3225","description":"3226","file":"3227"},{},[],"Don’t Be Afraid of ",{},["3228"],{},[],"Learning the Git command line is often intimidating. Git is an enormous program. It’s not particularly discoverable, either. But one of the great things about ",{},["3229"],{},[]," is that, by default, everything you do is reversible. Stashing your changes provides a lot of flexibility for switching between different code branches without committing them.",{},[],"If you’re interested in learning more about the ",{},["3230"],{},[]," command, I recommend ",{"uri":"3231"},["3232"],{},[]," from Atlassian. And once you’ve finalized those changes and committed them, you might want to check out ",{"uri":"3233"},["3234"],{},[]," to deliver those changes to your users.",{},[],"\n",{},["3235"],"This post was written by Eric Boersma. ",{"uri":"3236"},["3237"],{},["3238"]," is a software developer and development manager who's done everything from IT security in pharmaceuticals to writing intelligence software for the US government to building international development teams for non-profits. He loves to talk about the things he's learned along the way, and he enjoys listening to and learning from others as well.",{"type":"192","linkType":"193","id":"194"},{"id":"195","type":"192","linkType":"196"},"//images.ctfassets.net/vtn4rfaw6n2j/2t2Hy6ZuGTkMcEAleBS9l9/8c3d43564e537fd26325fb2d75c6247a/timjohnson.jpeg",{"size":27025,"image":"3239"},"timjohnson.jpeg",{},["3240"],{},[],"The software development process has been opening up to non-engineers through concepts like low-code and no-code, ushering in the age of the democratization of development. The people involved in making software are changing—anyone with an Internet connection can build an application, even without programming knowledge.",{},[],"Plenty has been written about the implications for individuals. But what does this overarching trend mean for businesses? How does the democratization of development tend to play out when it comes to generating and delivering business value? And what does it look like at an enterprise level?",{},[],"We’ll explore those questions in this article. Before we get started, though, let’s get clear on what the concept really is, and what it isn’t.",{},[],"Mythbusting: the Democratization of Development",{},[],"We need to put a few preconceptions to rest. Coders will not be automated out of existence. Non-coders will not transform overnight into coders, and they won’t be expected to code, either. Traditional coders are not going to be required to move to more abstract tools like low-code/no-code. Given the growing necessity to secure the software supply chain ",{},["3241"],"and",{},[]," ensure all aspects of software delivery are auditable and compliant, it’s much more likely that low-code/no-code and traditional software development will coexist—each contributing to software delivery pipelines as appropriate to their roles.",{},[],"What’s really changing is who’s involved with defining, creating and delivering value. As software becomes the primary component for delivering value through an organization (which we’ll get into later), more people are going to get involved in the software development process. It’s no longer solely the engineers’ domain. ",{},[],"Organizational Shifts",{},[],"And it’s not just the pipeline that’s transforming, either. Organizations have to rethink decisions on what they’re going to deliver, how to prioritize what they deliver, what to expect in return, who’s responsible, and so on. They also have to figure out how to optimize resources in changing circumstances, as well as how to be compliant with high-stakes regulations and standards. All these types of considerations have to be rejiggered and reorganized as development processes join together and evolve. ",{},[],"Software = Business Value",{},[],"There’s an old saying that IT doesn’t understand the business it’s in, and the business doesn’t understand what IT does. That’s probably still the case to an extent in many places, but things are changing. The business side is becoming more of a peer in the software development process because software delivery is now so integral to the success of the business. Software delivery is now a critical component of business value—the two “sides” are now on the same side. So how can they work together better?",{},[],"They need some sort of Rosetta Stone or Star Trek ",{"uri":"3242"},["3243"],{},[],". They need a way to communicate their priorities and key metrics to help each other understand how they’re making a difference in the business, so they can align and make decisions as one. From where I’m standing, that “Universal Translator” tool is ",{},["3244"],"value stream management",{},[],{},[],"Value stream management tracks the flow of value through a business. It forces the technical people and the business people to get together and agree on what things mean and what’s important. Value stream management (VSM) tools and techniques help technical people translate their work into concepts the business can understand and use. On the reverse, VSM also helps the business folks frame their concerns to the highly technical folks.",{},[],"Right now, there are a number of tools on the market designed to give the business visibility into the technology. That’s the first step—the business gets the visibility and analytics to make decisions. The next step is to have the control and automation in place to execute those decisions. This will open the door for the business being brought into software development in a more hands-on way, as true equals in the process. Different departments and different types of users are empowered to contribute to building software—and therefore, are empowered to generate business value. ",{},[],"And in essence, that’s what value stream management is. It’s the democratization of business value in a software-driven world. It allows the business to get directly involved in what the company produces—and with software tied so closely to business value, it’s essential for this group to have a say. The democratization of development in the enterprise helps lay the groundwork for value stream management, the most promising effort I’ve seen to bring a common vantage point to business and IT.",{},[],"Additional Resources",{},["3245"],{},["3246"],{},["3247"],{},[],"",{},[],"Ev Kontsevoy has an impressive view on the current state of software development and delivery. A veteran of cloud computing, Ev is a software entrepreneur and CEO and co-founder of Teleport, a company whose mission is to help engineers and security professionals unify access for SSH servers, Kubernetes clusters, web applications and databases across all environments.",{},[],"“I’m software engineer by training,” Ev says. “I love technology. I like building things.” And while he misses his time in front of the keyboard and the Vim editor, Ev enjoys his new role as the head of a successful, fast-growing tech company. “There’s a big difference between what I’m doing today and what I ",{},["3248"],"like",{},[]," doing today, but that’s probably true for all of us,” says the Russian-born Ev, who earned a degree in mathematics before discovering computers.",{},[],"The Journey to Teleport",{},[],"If you ask him how he started on his path to Teleport, Ev will tell you it all began at a developer meetup where Jeff Bezos was talking to developers. “Bezos went on stage, and he did this presentation about computing as a utility,” Ev recalls. At the end of that presentation, developers started giving him a hard time about Amazon’s cloud. Its performance was lacking, many of them said. And then someone asked, \"How come you cannot get any email in or out of your cloud?\" ",{},[],"It was then that Ev hatched the idea for a new company. He remembers thinking, \"Hey, all these people who are starting to use Amazon's cloud—they’re going to need email capabilities.” It wasn’t long before Ev launched his first company called Mailgun, a set of powerful APIs that allow you to send, receive and track email effortlessly. ",{},[],"“So it came from me just being in the same room with these two people exchanging questions,” Ev recalls. “I wasn’t particularly prepared for what would come next. I don't believe you can predict what kind of muscle you need to grow in order to do something big. But it was just like Nike says: just do it.”",{},[],"Eventually, Ev’s company got acquired by Rackspace, the popular managed cloud computing company. That was about the time Ev began talking to other people like himself—engineering leaders who were eager to share their pain points with cloud computing. “That basically shaped my belief that cloud computing will eventually be replaced with something dramatically better,” Ev says.",{},[],"\"Crazy Good\"",{},[],"So Ev says he decided to pursue a wild idea: \"Why don't we build a company that makes computing feel like the Matrix?” After all, he reasoned, the Matrix is basically like the cloud—or at least it should be. The difference is that when you interact with the Matrix, you don't feel the presence of any layers. “You get in, and then you basically execute instructions inside of the Matrix,” Ev says.",{},[],"And that is essentially what Teleport does. “It gives engineers, developers, DevOps engineers unified access to all kinds of cloud resources,” he explains. “It gives your command-line tools superpowers and allows you to connect to everything you need and keeps your security and compliance people at your company quite happy.”",{},[],"For Ev, it was all about “starting with a relatively crazy idea: Let's try to run applications anywhere in the world,” he says. “And we ended up with a new class of product which we call the access plane. You have a control plane, data plane and Teleport is your access plane.”",{},[],"That pretty much sums up Ev’s advice on how to start up just about any company you have in mind. “I think it's more fun to create a company about a really interesting end state, your future state. You want to change the world to be a certain way. And it could be something absolutely crazy, but being crazy is good,” he says.",{},[],"Dig deeper into our conversation with Ev Kontesvoy by tuning into ",{"uri":"3249"},["3250"],{},[],". Connect with him ",{"uri":"3251"},["3252"],{},[]," and visit the ",{"uri":"3253"},["3254"],{},[],"Last we checked, it is, indeed, the year 2021. We’re more than 10 years into the DevOps journey and FinServ companies are some of the most tech-forward on the planet. Yet some of the hottest topics at conferences (like ",[],{},["3255"],{"uri":"3256"},") revolve around audit, governance and compliance—many led by FinServ companies. ",[],{},"Why is that?",[],{},"DevOps was supposed to make everything run like a well-oiled machine. “Automation,” as Anders Wallgren, our VP of Technology Strategy, says, “",[],{},"is",["3257"],{}," auditing,” after all. The automation (pipeline run) is the description of what you are supposed to be doing. The pipeline run does what you say you’re going to do, and the data it creates proves you did things according to plan and regulation. It’s the difference between attestation (“Yes, I did what I said I was going to do”) and validation (“Yes, I did what I said I was going to do—and here’s the immutable proof”). ",[],{},"That’s the theory, but it turns out the theory is the easy part.",[],{},"The reality is that many banks ",[],{},"still",["3258"],{}," have onerous change management processes. One marquee global bank we know has 247 manual approval steps in a production software release. You read that right. Nearly 250 times, the process stops. Nearly 250 times, someone must be notified, and then must actually approve that portion of the release before things move on to the next manual approval. Nearly 250 times, these steps repeat. Changing this process involves convincing people they can trust the automation and ",[],{},"not",["3259"],{}," go to jail.",[],{},"And then there are the regulators themselves. They struggle as much as practitioners to keep up with technological change. They have to be able to trust the data and evidence you provide, as well.",[],{},"We also happen to know that financial services aren’t the only ones struggling with these issues. A telecom company we know takes their entire DevOps tools team offline for a month—twice a year—just to do an audit.",[],{},"One final point: if auditing and compliance is a costly, demotivating burden, you don’t have an audit problem—you have a software delivery problem. Fixing audit means you’ll be fixing software delivery. What could be better than that?",[],{},"That leads to why we put together the next installment of the Software Delivery Leadership Forum “",[],{},["3260"],{"uri":"3261"},"” on July 28 at 1:00 p.m. ET. Ger McMahon, analyst Mitch Ashley and our own CISO Prakash Sethuraman (late of HSBC Bank) will get into the details and best practices of how to make audit and compliance a non-event. They’ll cover how to improve your automation, how to build trust in the tools and automation so you can change the process and how best to work with the regulators to make your—and their—lives better.",[],{},["3262"],{"uri":"3261"},[],{},[],{},["3263"],{"uri":"3261"},[],{},{},[],"Efficient branch management is essential for using Git to its fullest potential. This post is all about the Git delete branch operation. You’ll learn how to delete branches, both locally and in your remote repositories, and whether it’s possible to recover a deleted branch. Most importantly, you’ll learn what branches are under the hood to have a more solid understanding of what happens when you delete them.",{},[],"This tutorial assumes you have Git installed and know your way around the command line. Also, make sure you have a GitHub account and are logged in.",{"tags":"3264"},{"space":"3265","id":"3266","type":"202","createdAt":"3267","updatedAt":"3267","environment":"3268","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3269","description":"3269","file":"3270"},{},[],"Git Delete Branch: The TL;DR Version",{},[],"If you just want to learn the correct incantation to delete branches in Git, we’ll start by offering the TL;DR version.\n",{},[],"To delete a local branch in Git, you simply run:",{},["3271","3272"],"git branch -d ",{},[],"If the branch contains unmerged changes, though, Git will refuse to delete it. If you’re sure you want to do it, you’ll have to force the deletion by replacing the -d parameter with an uppercase D:",{},["3273","3274"],"git branch -D ",{},[],"You don’t use the ",{},["3275"],"git branch ",{},[],"command to delete a remote branch. You use ",{},["3276"],"git push",{},[],", even if that sounds weird. Here’s how you do it:",{},["3277","3278"],"git push --delete ",{},[],"It’s like you’re pushing—sending—the order to delete the branch to the remote repository.",{},[],"With that out of the way, we’ll now explore the deletion of branches in Git in some more depth.",{},[],"Git Delete Branch: The Fundamentals",{},[],"Let’s start by examining what branches are in Git and what’s happening when you delete them.",{},[],"What Branches Are In Git?",{},[],"Branching in Git is dead simple. Branches are named, movable references to commits. Imagine you create a repository and add three commits:",{"tags":"3279"},{"space":"3280","id":"3281","type":"202","createdAt":"3282","updatedAt":"3282","environment":"3283","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3284","description":"3284","file":"3285"},{},[],"Now you create a new branch called “exp.” The branch currently points to the same commit, so the scenario looks like this:",{"tags":"3286"},{"space":"3287","id":"3288","type":"202","createdAt":"3289","updatedAt":"3289","environment":"3290","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3291","description":"3291","file":"3292"},{},[],"You ",{"uri":"3119"},["3293"],{},[],"and add two more commits to it. This is what your repo looks like now:",{"tags":"3294"},{"space":"3295","id":"3296","type":"202","createdAt":"3297","updatedAt":"3297","environment":"3298","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3299","description":"3299","file":"3300"},{},[],"So, what would happen if you deleted the ",{},["3301"],"exp ",{},[],"branch?",{},[],"What Happens If I Delete a Git Branch?",{},[],"When you delete a branch in Git, ",{},["3302"],"you don’t delete the commits themselves",{},[],". That’s right: The commits are still there, and you might be able to recover them.",{},[],"When you delete a branch, what happens depends on whether the branch was already merged. Let’s look at two scenarios.",{},[],"Deleting a Branch With Merged Changes",{},[],"Go back and take a look at the last diagram. As you can see, the ",{},["3303"],"main ",{},[],"branch is ",{},["3304"],"behind ",{},["3305"],"exp",{},[],". In this situation, merging is just a matter of moving the ",{},["3306"],{},[],"reference forward until it catches up to exp. Let’s do that:",{"tags":"3307"},{"space":"3308","id":"3309","type":"202","createdAt":"3310","updatedAt":"3310","environment":"3311","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3312","description":"3312","file":"3313"},{},[],"At this point, if we delete the ",{},["3314"],{},[],"branch, nothing changes. The commits were already integrated into the original branch:",{"tags":"3315"},{"space":"3316","id":"3317","type":"202","createdAt":"3318","updatedAt":"3318","environment":"3319","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3320","description":"3320","file":"3321"},{},[],"Deleting a Branch With Unmerged Changes",{},[],"Now let’s explore the scenario where the branch contains unmerged changes. Take a look at the diagram the depicts the moment after you’ve added the new commits to ",{},["3322"],{},[],"but haven’t yet merged them back to ",{},["3323"],"main",{},[],":",{},[],"If you go now and get rid of the exp branch, your repo will look like this:",{"tags":"3324"},{"space":"3325","id":"3326","type":"202","createdAt":"3327","updatedAt":"3327","environment":"3328","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3329","description":"3329","file":"3330"},{},[],"As you can see, the commits are still there. But unless you have the hash of the last commit, you won’t be able to reach them. Why?",{},[],"A commit has a reference to its parent—or parents—but not to its children. From the commit that ",{},["3331"],{},[],"points to, you can only move backward, so there’s no way for you to reach the commits formerly pointed to by ",{},["3332"],{},[],{},[],"What if you delete a branch with unmerged commits by mistake? Are those changes lost for good? Not yet. There’s a way to recover them if you act quickly. More on that later.",{"tags":"3333"},{"space":"3334","id":"3335","type":"202","createdAt":"3336","updatedAt":"3336","environment":"3337","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3338","description":"3339","file":"3340"},{},[],"How Do I Delete a Git Branch?",{},[],"Let’s see an example. ",{},[],"Start by creating a repository and adding a commit to it:",{},["3341","3342"],"mkdir demo",{},["3343","3344"],"cd demo",{},["3345","3346"],"git init",{},["3347","3348"],"echo hello world > file.txt",{},["3349","3350"],"git add file.txt",{},["3351","3352"],"git commit -m “Add first file”",{},[],"Now you can create a second branch. Let’s call it ",{},["3353"],"new",{},[],{},["3354","3355"],"git branch new",{},[],"At this point, you could switch to the new branch, add some commits to it, then go back and merge it into ",{},["3356"],{},[],". The results would be the same, though. Let’s delete it right away:",{},["3357","3358"],"git branch -d new",{},[],"After running the command, Git will let you know the branch was successfully deleted. It will also display the hash of the commit pointed to by the branch:",{},["3359","3360"],"Deleted branch new (was c9bd965).",{},[],"Now let’s try to delete a branch with unmerged changes. Create a new branch and switch to it:",{},["3361","3362"],"git switch -c newer",{},[],"While in this branch, add some commits:",{},["3363","3364"],"echo hello world > file2 && git add . && git commit -m \"Add file2\"",{},["3365","3366"],"echo hello world > file3 && git add . && git commit -m \"Add file3\"",{},[],"Go back to the original branch:",{},["3367","3368"],"git switch main",{},[],"And try to delete newer:",{},["3369","3370"],"git branch -d newer",{},[],"It won’t work. Git will show you this message:",{},["3371","3372"],"error: The branch ‘newer’ is not fully merged.",{},["3373","3374"],"If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D newer.’",{},[],"The message is unmistakable: if you’re sure of what you’re doing, run the command with the -D parameter:",{},["3375","3376"],"git branch -D newer",{},[],"How to Delete a Branch Remotely",{},[],"You’ll often need to delete a branch not only locally but also remotely. To do that, you use the following command:",{},["3377","3378"],"git push --delete .",{},[],"Let’s look at an example. Start by ",{"uri":"3379"},["3380"],{},[],". After you’re done, you’ll create the local repo. Using the command line, create a new folder, access it, and start a new repo with one commit:",{},["3381","3382"],"mkdir delete-remote-branch",{},["3383","3384"],"cd delete-remote-branch",{},["3385","3386"],{},["3387","3388"],"git commit --allow-empty -m “Initial commit”",{},[],"Now you can use the following commands to add the remote repository on GitHub as a remote for the local one (make sure you replace the actual URL with your own):",{},["3389","3390"],"git remote add origin https://github.com/carlosschults/upgraded-eureka.git",{},["3391","3392"],"git branch -M main",{},["3393","3394"],"git push -u origin main",{},[],"Now let’s create a new branch, switch to it, and add a new commit:",{},["3395","3396"],"git switch -c hotfix",{},["3397","3398"],"echo hi > readme.md && git add readme.md && git commit -m “Add README file”",{},[],"Finally, you can push your new branch to GitHub:",{},["3399","3400"],"git push -u origin hotfix",{},[],"You’ll see a result like this:",{"tags":"3401"},{"space":"3402","id":"3403","type":"202","createdAt":"3404","updatedAt":"3404","environment":"3405","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3406","description":"3406","file":"3407"},{},[],"Go back to GitHub, and you’ll see your new branch there:",{"tags":"3408"},{"space":"3409","id":"3410","type":"202","createdAt":"3411","updatedAt":"3411","environment":"3412","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3413","description":"3413","file":"3414"},{},[],"OK. Now you’re ready to delete the branch remotely. As you’ve seen, the command to do that is ",{},["3415","3416"],{},[],{},["3417"]," ",{},[],"The name of the remote is ",{},["3418"],"origin",{},[],"—which",{},["3419"],{},[],"is the convention for the “default” remote repository—and the name of the branch is ",{},["3420"],"hotfix",{},[],". So, run the following:",{},["3421","3422"],"git push --delete origin hotfix",{},[],"You’ll see a message showing that Git deleted the branch remotely:",{},["3423","3424"],"To https://github.com/carlosschults/upgraded-eureka.git",{},["3425","3426"]," - [deleted] hotfix",{},[],"The branch still exists locally, though. Since it has unmerged changes, you can delete it quickly using",{},["3427"]," git branch -D hotfix ",{},[],"after switching back to",{},["3428"]," main.",{},[],"How Do I Delete a Branch on GitHub?",{},[],"It’s possible to delete branches on GitHub using the interface. You can choose to delete a branch when you merge a ",{"uri":"3429"},["3430"],{},[],". For instance:",{"tags":"3431"},{"space":"3432","id":"3433","type":"202","createdAt":"3434","updatedAt":"3434","environment":"3435","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3436","description":"3436","file":"3437"},{},[],"You can also simply delete the branch at any time. To do that, repeat the operations from the last section to create a new local branch and push it to GitHub.",{},[],"Then go back to your repo main page on GitHub, click on the button with the main branch name, and you’ll see this suspended menu:",{"tags":"3438"},{"space":"3439","id":"3440","type":"202","createdAt":"3441","updatedAt":"3441","environment":"3442","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3443","description":"3443","file":"3444"},{},[],"Click on ",{},["3445"],"View all branches",{},[],", like in the image above, and you’ll be taken to a page where you can see the list of all branches.",{"tags":"3446"},{"space":"3447","id":"3448","type":"202","createdAt":"3449","updatedAt":"3449","environment":"3450","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3451","description":"3451","file":"3452"},{},[],"To delete the ",{},["3453"],"new-feature",{},[]," branch, just click on the trash can icon next to its name. After deleting the branch, it will still be listed for a short while, and you’ll be able to recover it by clicking on the ",{},["3454"],"Restore ",{},[],"button:",{"tags":"3455"},{"space":"3456","id":"3457","type":"202","createdAt":"3458","updatedAt":"3458","environment":"3459","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3460","description":"3460","file":"3461"},{},[],"Can I Recover a Deleted Branch in Git?",{},[],"Is it possible to recover local deleted branches in Git? Well, sort of. As you’ve seen, branches are simply references that point to a commit. What you want to do is make that commit reachable again. For that, you’ll need its identifier.",{},[],"As you’ve seen, when you delete a branch, Git displays the hash of the commit the branch pointed to. If you write that down, you can later use it to access that commit and create a new branch from that point:",{},["3462","3463"],"git checkout ",{},["3464","3465"],"git branch ",{},[],"What if you didn’t write it down? There’s still hope for you in the name of a command called ",{},["3466"],"reflog",{},[],{},[],"In a nutshell, git reflog allows you to see the reference logs. At its most basic form, you can use it to see the list of commits that the ",{"uri":"3467"},["3468"],{},[]," pointed to over time.",{},[],"As an example, let’s delete a branch locally:",{},["3469","3470"],"git branch -D new",{},[],"Now, suppose I made a terrible mistake and the branch wasn’t supposed to be deleted. I can use the git reflog command:",{"tags":"3471"},{"space":"3472","id":"3473","type":"202","createdAt":"3474","updatedAt":"3474","environment":"3475","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3476","description":"3476","file":"3477"},{},[],"Having recovered the commit hash, I can then do (remember your actual hash number will be different):",{},["3478","3479"],"git checkout 984a656",{},["3480","3481"],"git branch ",{},[],"Finally, a caveat: ",{},["3482"],"git reflog",{},[]," will only save you if the HEAD reference has pointed to the commit you want to recover. You might have scenarios where the desired commit isn’t actually in the reflog, so there will be no way for you to recover its hash.",{},[],"Git Delete Branch: Do It When It’s Time",{},[],"Before wrapping up, there’s a final question we need to answer: When is it OK to delete branches in Git?",{},[],"In general, it’s safe to delete branches after they’ve been merged. It might be OK to delete unmerged branches—for instance, after an experiment that went nowhere. You must be aware of the consequences, though: The commits might become unreachable.",{"tags":"3483"},{"space":"3484","id":"3485","type":"202","createdAt":"3486","updatedAt":"3486","environment":"3487","revision":1,"locale":"81"},{"title":"3488","description":"3488","file":"3489"},{},[],"Before parting ways, here’s a final thought: ",{},["3490"],"Just because you can, doesn’t mean you should",{},[],". Sure, Git’s powerful branching capabilities might feel fantastic, but using a ",{"uri":"3491"},["3492"],{},[]," that relies too much on branches—",{"uri":"3493"},["3494"],{},[],"—can get you into trouble.",{},[],"An alternative is to use a workflow that doesn’t rely on branching—for example, trunk-based development. That, along with a mechanism such as ",{"uri":"3495"},["3496"],{},[],", allows teams to go fast, keeping things simple and facilitating CI and CD.",{},[],{},["3497"],"This post was written by Carlos Schults. ",{"uri":"3498"},["3499"],{},["3500"]," is a consultant and software engineer with experience in desktop, web and mobile development. Though his primary language is C#, he has experience with a number of languages and platforms. His main interests include automated testing, version control and code quality.",[],{"sys":"3501"},"21K3bhOimuTLg8K9AeT4M","2021-07-27T14:13:59.789Z",{"sys":"3502"},"Git Squash is a Git feature that allows a dev to simplify the Git tree by merging sequential commits into one another.",{"url":"3503","details":"3504","fileName":"3505","contentType":"635"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},[],{"sys":"3508"},"1fYUcXkD4yiWl9IJpTypOe","2021-07-27T14:13:59.796Z",{"sys":"3509"},"git squash 02",{"url":"3510","details":"3511","fileName":"3512","contentType":"556"},{"type":"3506"},{"data":"3513","content":"3514","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3515","content":"3516","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3517","content":"3518","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3519","content":"3520","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3521","content":"3522","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3523","content":"3524","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3525","content":"3526","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3527","content":"3528","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3529","content":"3530","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3531","content":"3532","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3533","content":"3534","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3535","content":"3536","nodeType":"562"},{"data":"3537","content":"3538","nodeType":"562"},[],{"sys":"3539"},"2yFE5oEpIqbG4sVllGbLWP","2021-07-27T14:13:59.804Z",{"sys":"3540"},"Git Squash is a pretty powerful tool inside Git.",{"url":"3541","details":"3542","fileName":"3543","contentType":"635"},{"type":"3544"},"https://www.linkedin.com/in/pgpbarbosa/",{"data":"3545","marks":"3546","value":"3547","nodeType":"1688"},{"type":"3544"},"https://www.cloudbees.com/blog/git-switch-branch-everything-to-know",{"data":"3548","marks":"3549","value":"3550","nodeType":"1688"},"https://git-scm.com/docs/git-stash",{"data":"3551","marks":"3552","value":"3553","nodeType":"1688"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},"https://git-scm.com/docs/git-merge",{"data":"3554","marks":"3555","value":"3312","nodeType":"1688"},"https://essenceofcode.com/2019/10/29/the-art-of-small-pull-requests/",{"data":"3556","marks":"3557","value":"3558","nodeType":"1688"},{"type":"3506"},[],{"sys":"3559"},"54YdkrYSSizN7kl4bJaTHV","2021-07-23T14:47:54.961Z",{"sys":"3560"},"You can use git stash to apply your changes to those other branches without committing them.",{"url":"3561","details":"3562","fileName":"3563","contentType":"635"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},"https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Recording-Changes-to-the-Repository",{"data":"3564","marks":"3565","value":"3566","nodeType":"1688"},[],{"sys":"3567"},"2bGPjucvioR2lcE13VQDIU","2021-07-23T14:47:55.010Z",{"sys":"3568"},"Developer typing on a laptop computer",{"url":"3569","details":"3570","fileName":"3571","contentType":"635"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"data":"3572","marks":"3573","value":"3574","nodeType":"1688"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},[],{"sys":"3575"},"1Qs3xuSJdzeKs5aksVaKkk","2021-07-23T14:47:55.042Z",{"sys":"3576"},"But one of the great things about git stash is that, by default, everything you do is reversible. ","But one of the great things about git stash is that, by default, everything you do is 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checkout ",{},["3934","3935"],"git merge --squash ",{},[],"At this point, you might have to fix some conflicts. Do so.",{},[],"Use ",{},["3936"],"git commit",{},[]," if you want to edit a pre-formatted message with all squashed commit messages. Or use",{},["3937"],{},["3938","3939"],"git commit -m “",{},[]," if you want to override the pre-formatted message.",{},["3940","3941"],"git push --force-with-lease",{},["3942","3943"],"git checkout ",{},[],"Check your Git tree, identify the first commit of the branch, and save its ",{},["3944"],"sha512 id",{},[],". Or count from there to the last one of the branch and save the number of commits there are, including the first one.",{},[],"If you went with the ",{},["3945"],{},[],{},["3946"],{},["3947","3948"],"git rebase -i ",{},[],". If you went with the count:",{},["3949"],{},["3950","3951"],"git rebase -i HEAD~",{},["3952"],{},[],"(respect the spaces, as these are important).",{},[],"Your configured text editor will open with the action to take to each ",{},["3953"],{},[]," commit and its respective message. All commits are organized from older to newer, top-down. There’s also a commented message (# in the beginning of the line) on how to proceed for each commit. You can do a lot of stuff with them, but we’ll focus on the squash action.",{},[],"Keep in mind that you need at least one commit to be picked before the one you want to squash in order to be able to do so, which means you can’t choose to squash the first one. Every commit you squash will be squashed into the previous one that was executed. So, for example, if you squash the second one, it goes into the first one.",{},[],"Pick your actions for each commit. I strongly advise against drops and deleting lines, which will discard that commit (unless you’re really sure on what you want to do), and changing the order of the commits, since they will be reapplied in a different position than they were created. Save the file and quit the text editor.",{},[],"A new text editor will appear. In this one, you’ll need to write the messages for the new commits. This text editor will appear for each new commit you have and will show the messages of all squashed commits into that one and the message for that one. You can either choose one of those or write one of your own. Again, save the file and quit the text editor.",{},[],"At this point, you might get a message saying the rebase was successful. If so, the only thing left is to run",{},["3954"],{},["3955","3956"],{},[]," and the squash is finished.","underline",{},[],"Understand why value stream thinking is the ",{"uri":"3957"},["3958"],{},[],{},[],"Learn ",{"uri":"3959"},["3960"],{},[]," about value stream management",{},[],"Watch the on-demand webinar: “",{"uri":"3961"},["3962"],{},[],"”",{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3506"},{"type":"3507"},"https://www.cloudbees.com/blog/value-stream-thinking-the-next-level-of-devops",{"data":"3963","marks":"3964","value":"3965","nodeType":"1688"},"https://www.cloudbees.com/blog/three-myths-about-value-stream-management-busted",{"data":"3966","marks":"3967","value":"3968","nodeType":"1688"},"https://www.cloudbees.com/events/software-delivery-leadership-forum/digital-kpis-metrics",{"data":"3969","marks":"3970","value":"3971","nodeType":"1688"},{},["3972"],"next level of DevOps",{},["3973"],"three common misconceptions",{},["3974"],"Modern Digital Business KPIs and Metrics",{"type":"3908"},{"type":"3908"},{"type":"3908"}]

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